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Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art refers to painting and the plastic arts made in Italy or by Italian artists in the Neoclassical period (late 18th – c. mid-19th centuries) and the 19th century. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Italy went through a great deal of political, social, economic and cultural changes and reforms, including several foreign invasions, most notably by Napoleon Bonaparte and the Austrians, several revolutions in 1848 and the turbulent Risorgimento, which resulted in the Italian unification and the Kingdom of Italy. Thus, Italian art in the late 18th and throughout the 19th century went through a series of minor and major changes in style. ==History and influences== Just like in other parts of Europe, Italian Neoclassical art was mainly based on the principles of Ancient Roman and Ancient Greek art and architecture, but also by the Italian Renaissance architecture and its basics, such as in the Villa Capra "La Rotonda". Classicism and Neoclassicism in Italian art and architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. It places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and later to the rest of continental Europe. In the visual arts the European movement called "neoclassicism" began in Italy around 1750 in Rome,〔http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/scultpurePlastic/SculptureHistory/NeoclassicisminSculpture/ItalianNeoclassicism/ItalianNeoclassicism/ItalianNeoclassicism.htm〕 as a reaction against both the surviving Baroque and Rococo styles, and as a desire to return to the perceived "purity" of the arts of Rome, the more vague perception ("ideal") of Ancient Greek arts, and, to a lesser extent, 16th-century Renaissance Classicism. Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum, which had started in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of ''Le Antichità di Ercolano.'' Napoleon Bonaparte, who ruled most of Italy in the early 19th century hired Antonio Canova, one of the most influential Italian neoclassical sculptors and plastic artists to make sculptures for him, one of the most famous being that of Venus Victrix, an allegory of Pauline Bonaparte.〔 Italy also developed several other artistic movements in the 19th century, like the Macchiaioli, who influenced French impressionism. The city of Milan later emerged as a major centre of 19th-century Romantic art. The city became a major European artistic centre during the Romantic period, when Milanese Romantic was influenced by the Austrians, who ruled Milan at the time. Probably the most notable of all Romantic works of art held in Milan is "''The Kiss''", by Francesco Hayez, which is held in the Brera Academy.〔http://www.aboutmilan.com/art-and-culture-of-milan.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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